List of Current Affairs

Source: Rajasthan High Court

Why in News? 

Justice Anoop Kumar Dhand of the Rajasthan High Court decided Suman Meena v. State of Rajasthan & Ors. (2026). The Court stayed the transfer of a woman teacher made two months after she gave birth, directed the State to reconsider her case sympathetically, and urged the Government to frame a policy on transfers of women employees with infants. 

What was the Background of Suman Meena v. State of Rajasthan (2026) Case? 

• The petitioner was posted as a Senior Teacher at Gangapur, Sawai Madhopur. 
• Just two months after she gave birth, she was transferred to Masalpur, Karauli. 
• She filed an appeal against the transfer, stating that such a distant posting would make it difficult to care for her infant. 
• The appeal was rejected. 
• Aggrieved, she filed a writ petition before the Rajasthan High Court. 

What were the Court’s Observations? 

On Article 21: 

• The right to motherhood, the right to breastfeed, and the infant’s right to be breastfed and nurtured are part of the right to life with dignity under Article 21. 
• Forcibly separating a two-month-old child from the mother through a distant transfer would deprive both of this right. 
• It would cause the infant irreparable psychological trauma, insecurity, malnutrition and health hazards that cannot be compensated. 

On the best interests of the child: 

• Where an infant is involved, the legal focus shifts from administrative efficiency to the best interests of the child, which become the paramount consideration. 
• The first six months of exclusive breastfeeding are universally recognised by WHO and UNICEF as the most critical period for a child’s physical, mental and emotional development. 
• Child care, maternal care and infant welfare are an integral part of social justice. 

On the approach of the State: 

• As far as possible, a woman employee with a child below one year should not be disturbed, and her case should be considered sympathetically rather than mechanically. 
• The State, as a model employer, is expected to protect the bond between mother and child and not break it through mechanical transfers. 
• Nursing mothers require a more humane, compassionate and sensitive approach. 

On the legality of the transfer: 

• The transfer order was contrary to the State’s own Transfer Policy, the principles of humanity and Article 21. 
• It was also against the spirit of:  
  • The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, as amended in 2017; 
  • The Child Care Leave norms; and 
  • The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. 

On the need for a policy: 

• The Court noted the absence of a policy dealing with transfers of women employees who have recently delivered or are caring for infants. 
• It urged the Government to frame an appropriate transfer policy to address the hardship faced by both mother and infant. 

Directions: 

• The State was directed to reconsider the petitioner’s case sympathetically and humanely, in the interest of the infant. 
• The transfer order was stayed until such reconsideration. 
• The Registry was directed to forward a copy of the order to the Ministry of Law and Justice. 

What is the Constitutional and Legal Framework for Maternity Protection? 

Constitutional provisions: 

• Article 15(3): Permits the State to make special provisions for women and children. 
• Article 21: Protects the right to life and personal liberty, which courts have interpreted to include the right to live with dignity, health and reproductive autonomy. 
• Article 39(f): Directs the State to ensure that children are given opportunities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity. 
• Article 42: Directs the State to make provision for just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. 

Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 (as amended in 2017): 

• Maternity leave: Up to 26 weeks of paid leave for women with fewer than two surviving children, and 12 weeks for women with two or more children. 
• Adoptive and commissioning mothers: 12 weeks of maternity benefit for a woman adopting a child below three months of age, or a commissioning mother. 
• Work from home: May be permitted after maternity leave where the nature of work allows, on mutually agreed terms. 
• Creche facility: Mandatory for establishments with 50 or more employees, with the mother allowed four visits a day. 
• Nursing breaks: Two nursing breaks a day until the child attains 15 months of age. 

UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989: 

• India ratified the Convention in 1992. 
• Article 3: The best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration in all actions concerning children. 
• Article 24: Recognises the child’s right to the highest attainable standard of health, including access to knowledge on the advantages of breastfeeding. 

What is the Scope of Judicial Review in Transfer Matters? 

General principle: 

• Transfer is an incident of service, and an employee has no vested right to remain at a particular place. 
• Courts ordinarily do not interfere with transfer orders, as they fall within the domain of administrative discretion. 

Grounds for interference: 

• The transfer is mala fide or made for extraneous reasons. 
• It is in violation of a statutory provision or the applicable transfer policy. 
• It is made by an authority lacking competence. 
• It is arbitrary or violates fundamental rights, such as Article 21. 

Source: Allahabad High Court

Why in News? 

A bench of Justice Saral Srivastava and Justice Sudhanshu Chauhan of the Allahabad High Court decided P v. P (2026). The Court set aside a Family Court order refusing custody of a minor son to his mother, holding that the Family Court could not decide custody on the father’s affidavit alone when he never appeared for cross-examination, and granted custody to the mother. 

What was the Background of P v. P (2026) Case? 

• The parties married on 19 February 2007 at Varanasi, and two sons were born to them in 2011 and 2013. 
• On 3 April 2016, the husband left the wife at her parental home in Varanasi and took the elder son with him. 
• The husband’s divorce petition was dismissed on 15 December 2022, and the wife’s suit for restitution of conjugal rights was decreed on the same day. However, he neither took her back nor complied with the decree. 
• It was submitted that he had married another woman while the marriage between the parties subsisted. 

Proceedings before the Family Court: 

• In 2017, the wife filed proceedings under Section 25 of the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 before the Family Court at Azamgarh, seeking custody of the elder son. 
• The Family Court dismissed her application on 23 July 2024, granting her only visitation rights. 

Proceedings before the High Court: 

• The wife filed an appeal under Section 19 of the Family Courts Act, 1984, stating that she had not been allowed even a single meeting with her son. 
• The husband did not appear in the appeal, stayed away from the Mediation Centre, and left his Noida address in December 2024 without disclosing a new one. 

What were the Court’s Observations? 

On Section 14 of the Family Courts Act: 

• Section 14 only mitigates, in certain circumstances, the strict rules of relevancy and admissibility under the Evidence Act. 
• It does not do away with the fundamental rules of proof and the principles of natural justice inherent in any legal system. 
• Family Courts must observe these principles even where they are not bound by the Evidence Act. 

On reliance on the father’s affidavit: 

• The father never presented himself for cross-examination, and his evidence was closed at trial due to his own defaults. 
• Denial of cross-examination amounted to a breach of natural justice. 
• Accepting the affidavit as gospel truth without allowing cross-examination was erroneous and suffered from patent illegality. 
• Apart from the affidavit, nothing was placed on record to show the child’s welfare was being looked after, and there was no material on the father’s income or the child’s schooling. 

On the mother’s lack of contact with the child: 

• The Family Court’s reliance on the mother’s admission that she had not met her son for three and a half years was perverse. 
• She had been prevented from meeting him and had not stayed away by choice. 
• The father’s disappearance soon after the impugned judgment was intended to defeat her visitation rights. 

On financial capacity of the parent: 

• Custody had been refused mainly because the mother had no income and depended on her retired father. 
• Financial capacity cannot be the sole test. In Gaurav Nagpal v. Sumedha Nagpal, the father was directed to bear the child’s educational expenses. 
• In Mausami Moitra Ganguli v. Jayant Ganguli, better financial resources or a parent’s love were held to be relevant but not decisive. 

On the father’s second marriage and conduct: 

• A second marriage is not a disqualification by itself, but it is an important factor, as held in Athar Hussain v. Syed Siraj Ahmed. 
• The father had flouted judicial orders and evaded process. 
• The Court observed that the child would grow up with his mother, younger brother and maternal grandparents, perhaps with fewer physical comforts but with better moral and ethical values. 

Directions: 

• The appeal was allowed and the Family Court’s order dated 23 July 2024 was set aside. 
• The father was directed to hand over custody of the minor to the mother within one month. 
• The father was granted visitation every Saturday between 3:00 PM and 5:00 PM at the District Legal Services Authority, Varanasi. 

What is Section 14 of the Family Courts Act, 1984? 

About: 

• Section 14 deals with the application of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (now the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023) to Family Courts. 
• A Family Court may receive as evidence any report, statement, document, information or matter that may help it deal effectively with a dispute, whether or not it would otherwise be relevant or admissible under the Evidence Act. 

Object: 

• To allow Family Courts to adopt a flexible, less technical approach suited to matrimonial and family disputes. 
• It relaxes rules of admissibility but does not dispense with the requirement of proof or fair hearing. 

Related provisions: 

• Section 9: Duty of the Family Court to make efforts for settlement. 
• Section 10: Procedure generally follows the Code of Civil Procedure, but the Family Court may lay down its own procedure to arrive at the truth. 
• Section 19: Appeal from a judgment or order of a Family Court lies to the High Court, on both facts and law, within 30 days. 

What is the Law on Child Custody under the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890? 

Key provisions: 

• Section 17: In appointing or declaring a guardian, the court must be guided by the welfare of the minor, considering factors such as the minor’s age, sex and religion, the character and capacity of the proposed guardian, and the minor’s own preference if old enough to form an intelligent preference. 
• Section 25: If a ward leaves or is removed from the custody of the guardian, the court may order the ward’s return if it is of the opinion that this will be for the ward’s welfare. 

Principles evolved by courts: 

• The welfare of the child is the paramount consideration in all custody matters. 
• Financial capacity of a parent is relevant but not decisive. 
• A parent’s conduct, including compliance with court orders, is a relevant factor. 
• A second marriage of a parent is not a disqualification in itself, but may be considered in assessing the child’s welfare. 
• Visitation rights of the non-custodial parent should ordinarily be protected to maintain the child’s bond with both parents.