Quasi-Judicial Bodies

Introduction 

Quasi-judicial bodies are non-judicial entities with the authority to interpret the law, such as arbitration panels or tribunal boards, which have been given powers and procedures similar to those of a court of law or judge. 

• These bodies serve as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism, bridging the gap between the executive and judicial functions of the State. 
• For example, the Election Commission of India is a Quasi-Judicial Body but does not have its core functions as a Court of Law. 

Features of Quasi-Judicial Bodies 

The following features characterize quasi-judicial bodies in India: 

• Dispute Resolution: Quasi-judicial bodies have the authority to arbitrate cases and impose penalties. Parties can seek justice from these bodies, thereby avoiding the complexities of the formal judicial system. 
• Limited Adjudicating Powers: Their jurisdiction is typically confined to specific areas of expertise, such as financial markets, employment laws, public standards, or regulatory matters. For instance, the Company Law Appellate Tribunal addresses issues related to corporate governance and functioning. 
• Predetermined Rules: The decisions and awards of quasi-judicial bodies are often guided by established rules and based on existing legal frameworks. 
• Punishing Authority: These bodies possess the power to impose penalties for violations within their jurisdiction. For example, Consumer Courts in India adjudicate consumer disputes and penalize companies engaged in illegal practices. 
• Judicial Review: The rulings of quasi-judicial bodies can be appealed in a court of law, with the judiciary's decision being paramount. 
• Expert Leadership: Unlike the judiciary, which is presided over by judges, quasi-judicial bodies are typically led by experts in relevant fields such as finance, economics, and law. 

Powers of Quasi-Judicial Bodies 

Quasi-judicial bodies exercise the following powers: 

• Conduct Hearings: They can hold hearings to gather evidence and hear testimony from witnesses. 
• Factual Determination: Quasi-judicial authorities can make relevant factual determinations based on the evidence presented at a hearing. 
• Applying the Law: They can apply the law to the facts they have determined and make decisions regarding the legal rights, duties, or privileges of the parties involved. 
• Issue Orders or Decisions: They can issue orders or decisions that have legal force, such as requiring a party to pay damages or comply with certain conditions. 
• Enforcing Decisions: They can take steps to enforce their decisions, such as by imposing fines or other penalties for non-compliance. 

Major Quasi-Judicial Bodies in India 

The following are some of the major quasi-judicial bodies operating in India: 

• Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) 
• Telecom Disputes Settlement & Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) 
• Central Information Commission (CIC) 
• Lok Adalat 
• Finance Commission 
• National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission 
• National Green Tribunal 
• Railway Claims Tribunal 

Key Differences Between Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Bodies 

The following table illustrates the key differences between judicial and quasi-judicial bodies: 

Conclusion 

Quasi-judicial bodies play a vital role in the Indian legal system by providing specialized forums for dispute resolution and reducing the burden on traditional courts. While they possess powers similar to courts, their limited jurisdiction and subject-matter expertise make them effective instruments for administrative justice. The decisions of these bodies remain subject to judicial review, ensuring accountability and adherence to the rule of law.