List of Vocabulary
Ab Initio
- From the beginning.
Abate
- To put an end to, To Curtail.
Abduct
- To induce a person to go from any place by force or deceitful means.
Abet
- To instigate or encourage the commission of a crime.
Abeyance
- A state of suspension.
Abolish
- To put an end to.
Abridge
- To Make Shorter, to curtail, to diminish.
Acceptance
- The fact of accepting.
Accomplice
- An associate in crime or guilt.
Accusation
- An allegation against a person that he has committed an offence.
Accused
- A person against whom an allegation has been made that she/he has committed an offence.
Acquit
- To set free from the charge of an offence after trial.
Admissibility
- Allowability as judicial proof, the quality of being admissible.
Admission
- A voluntary acknowledgment of the existence of a fact or the truth of an allegation made by a party in a dispute.
Admonition
- A gentle reproof to a convict in lieu of punishment.
Advocate
- One who is qualified to plead before the court of law.
Advocate General
- The Highest Law Officer of the states in India.
Affray
- A fight, or argument or an instance of violent behaviour in a public place.
Agency
- A relationship between two parties in which one, the agent, represents the other, the principal, in day-to-day transactions.
Agent
- A person employed to do any act for another or to represent another in dealings with third person.
Agnate
- When two persons are related either by blood or adoption or wholly through males
Agreement
- Every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other, is an agreement.
Alien
- A foreigner.
Alteration
- Modification or change.
Alternative Dispute Resolution
- Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) refers to any means of settling disputes outside of the courtroom.
Amendment
- Any alteration made or proposed by adding, deleting or substituting something.
Ancestor
- One from whom a person descends.
Ancillary
- Subservient, related and supplementary.
Anticipatory Bail
- Bail in anticipation of arrest.
Appeal
- A proceeding taken before a superior court or authority for reversing or modifying decision of an inferior court.
Appearance
- The action of appearing formally.
Appropriate Government
- The Appropriate Government refers to either the Union Government or The State Government.
Arbitration
- Determination of a matter in dispute by Aribtrators. (Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996)
Arrear
- That which remains unpaid.
Assault
- Any willful attempt or threat to inflict injury upon the person of another, when coupled with an apparent present ability to do so.
Attached Property
- A property attached by the court for the purpose of execution.
Attachment
- The action of attaching.
Attorney General of India
- The Attorney General of India is the Chief Legal Advisor of the Government of India.
Authority
- A body entrusted with the right or power to do something.
Bail
- Temporary release from imprisonment on furnishing surety or security to appear for trial.
Bailee
- One to whom goods are bailed.
Bailment
- Bailment is the delivery of goods by one person to another for some purpose, upon a contract that they shall, when the purpose is accomplished, be returned or otherwise disposed of according to the directions of the person delivering them.
Bailor
- One who delivers goods under bailment.
Balance of Convenience
- The relative merits of the parties' case and the computation of loss suffered by the parties.
Beggary
- The act of begging.
Beneficial Enjoyment
- Enjoyment in one's own right and for one's own benefit and not as a trustee.
Bonafide
- In good faith
Bond
- A formal written agreement by which a person undertakes to perform a certain act.
Bound by Law
- Having a legal duty to do something.
Breach
- The act of failing to perform one's agreement, breaking one's word, or otherwise actively violating one's duty to other.
Breach of Contract
- A breach of contract occurs whenever a party to a contract fails to perform their promised obligations.
Bribery
- The offer and acceptance of bribe.
Budget
- A plan of how to spend an amount of money over a particular period of time.
Cancellation of Instrument
- Nullification of a written document.
Caricature
- A picture or description of somebody that makes his/her appearance or behaviour funnier and more extreme.
Circumstantial Evidence
- Evidences of indirect nature.
Citizenship
- The status of a citizen of a country.
Coercion
- Application of force either physical or moral as to constraint someone to act against his will.
Cognate
- When two persons are related by blood or adoption but not wholly through males
Cognizable Offence
- Where Poilce Officer can arrest without warrant.
Cognizance
- Jurisdiction over the hearing and trying of a case.
Commercial
- Connected or related to commerce.
Common Intention
- An intention shared by all concerned.
Common Object
- An object shared by all concerned.
Commutation
- The substitution of a lesser punishment for a greater one.
Complainant
- The party who makes the complaint in a legal action or proceeding.
Complaint
- A formal accusation in the court of law.
Concealment
- The action of concealing.
Conclusive Proof
- When one fact is declared by this Act to be conclusive proof of another, the Court shall, on proof of the one fact, regard the other as proved, and shall not allow evidence to be given for the purpose of disproving it.
Concurrent
- Running together in time or space.
Concurrent List
- The concurrent list consists of subjects of common interest to both the Union and the States.
Conditional Order
- An order having a condition added to it
Condone
- To pardon.
Confession
- The action of confessing or acknowledging one's guilt.
Consent
- A concurrence of will.
Consequence
- Something that happens or follows as a result of something else.
Conspiracy
- A planning and acting together secretly especially for an unlawful or harmful purpose.
Constitution Bench
- Any case involving a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution must be decided by a Bench of at least five judges. Such a Bench is called a Constitution Bench.
Constructive
- That which has not the character assigned to its own nature but acquires such character in consequence of the way in which it is regarded by a rule of or of policy of law.
Contents
- That which is contained within something.
Contingent
- Possible, but not assured ; conditioned upon the occurrence of some future event which is itself uncertain, or questionable.
Contingent Interest
- An interest that the holder may enjoy only upon the occurrence of a condition precedent...
Contract
- An agreement enforceable by law.
Convict
- A person found guilty of an offense.
Copyright
- The legal right to be the only person who may print, copy, perform, etc. a piece of original work, such as a book, a song or a computer program
Council of States
- The upper house of India's bicameral Parliament.
Counterfeit
- Imitate with the intent to deceive.
Court of Justice
- A Judge or a body of Judges which is empowered by law to act judicially as a body when such Judge or body of Judges is acting judicially.
Court of Session
- A Court of Session is the highest Criminal Court in a district and the court of first instance for trying serious offences.
Covenant
- An agreement by deed between two or more persons to do one or more thing or things.
Creditor
- A person to whom a debt is owned by another person called the debtor.
Cross Examination
- The examination of a witness by the adverse party.
Culpable Homicide
- The crime of killing a person under circumstances previously defined by statute that does not amounts to murder.
Dacoity
- Robbery committed by a gang of 5 persons.
Delegate
- The act of delegation.
Depose
- To testify or give (evidence, etc) on oath.
Derogation
- The action of derogating, detraction .
Detention
- The action of detaining; Keeping in confinement or custody.
Discharge
- The act of freeing from an obligation.
Discretionary
- Pertaining to discretion.
Dishonestly
- Not worthy of trust or belief
Dismissal
- The act of depravation of office.
Disown
- To refuse to recognize.
Disown
- To refuse to recognize.
Disperse
- To separate and go in different directions.
Disqualification
- A situation or fact that means one is not allowed or able to participate in something.
Divest
- Deprive someone of power, rights, or possessions.
Division Bench
- A bench constituting of two judges.
Divorce
- The legal end of a marriage..
Documentary Evidence
- Documents that can be presented as evidence.
Domicile
- The place where one has permanent residence to which if absent, he has the intention of returning.
Donatio mortis causa
- A gift of personal property by a person on the point of death.
Donee
- To whom the gift is made.
Donor
- One who makes a gift.
Dower
- Dower is security given by husband to his wife so that she can maintain herself after divorce or death of her husband.
Dowry Death
- Dowry Death relates to death of a woman within 7 years of marriage under unnatural circumstances in relation to dowry demands by her husband or his family.
Easement
- An easement is a nonpossessory right to use and/or enter onto the real property of another without possessing it.
Emergency
- An unforeseen combination of circumstances or the resulting state that calls for immediate action.
Endanger
- To put in peril.
Enforce
- To compel the observance of.
Entitled
- a legal right to do something or have something
Estate
- Property in which one has a right or interest.
Euthanasia
- The act of deliberately ending a person's life to relieve suffering.
Ex-Parte
- With respect to or in the interests of one side.
Examination In Chief
- The examination of witness by the party who calls him.
Exception
- Exclusion of anything or a person.
Execution
- The action of executing or carrying into effect.
Expert Opinion
- Opinion of a person who has made special study of a subject or acquired special experience therein.
Extortion
- The action or practice of extorting anything, especially money, from a person by force or by undue exercise of authority or power.
Fabricate
- To forge.
Fact
- An actual and absolute reality, as distinguished from mere supposition or opinion.
False Evidence
- Untrue Evidence.
Forfeiture
- The act of depriving someone of something in consequence of an offence or breach of a condition.
Fraud
- Using false representation to obtain an unjust advantage.
Fraudulently
- Intentional deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain, or to deprive a victim of a legal right.
Fraudulently
- In a deceitful manner.
Free Consent
- Consent is said to be free when it is not caused by coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation, and mistake.
Gift
- A voluntary transfer by one person to another of any existing movable or immovable property, made without consideration
Good Faith
- A state of mind indicating honesty and lawfulness of purpose.
Governer
- The executive head of each state of Union of India.
Governor
- The executive head of each state of Union of India.
Gratuitous
- Without valuable or legal consideration.
Guarantee
- Action of securing or guaranteeing security .
Guarantee
- Action of securing or guaranteeing security .
Guardian
- One who has or is entitled to the custody of the person or property of a minor or an idiot.
Guilty Intention
- Intent pertaining to deserving punishment and moral reprobation.
Habitual Offender
- A person who is persistently leading a dishonest and criminal life.
Harbouring
- To give shelter to.
High Court
- The Highest Court of Justice in states.
Holder
- A person who possess in virtue of a lawful title.
Holder
- A person who possess in virtue of a lawful title.
House of People
- The lower house of India's bicameral Parliament.
Illegal
- That which is contrary to law
Illegitimate
- Not recognized as lawful offspring
Impeachment
- Process by which a legislative body or other legally constituted tribunal initiates charges against a public official.
Implied
- Indicated not by express words but by logical inference.
Impose
- To place athouritatively.
Incorporated
- The legal process of creating an entity or corporation.
Indemnity
- Security or protection against hurt, loss or damage.
Inducement
- That which induces, something attractive by which a person is led on or persuaded to action.
Injunction
- A Court order commanding or preventing an action.
Injury
- Infringement of rights of another in his person, reputation or property for which an action lies at law.
Inoperative
- Without practical force.
Inquiry
- It means every inquiry, other than a trial, conducted under this Code by a Magistrate Court.
Insanity
- Unsoundness of mind as a consequence of brain disease, madness, mental derangement.
Institution of Suit
- The fact of presentment of suit in Court of Law.
Interpleader Suit
- A suit pleaded between two parties to determine a matter of claim or right to property held by a third party.
Intervivos
- Between Living Persons.
Intoxicant
- A substance that produces false feeling of pleasure, happiness and a lack of control.
Joint Sitting
- The collective sitting of both the Houses of Parliament called by the President of India which is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Judge
- One invested with authority to determine any cause or question in court of justice.
Judicial Separation
- A separation of husband or wife under the orders of court which puts an end to cohabitation but not to marriage.
Jurisdiction
- The authority or power of a court to entertain and decide any judicial proceeding.
Jurist
- A person who is an expert in law.
Juristic Person
- A body of persons , corporation, partnership or other legal entity recognized by law as subject of rights and duties.
Justiciable
- Subject to action of court of justice.
Justified by Law
- Having legal justification for an act.
Kidnapping
- An act of stealing, adbucting or carrying away a person by force or fraud.
Lawful
- Permitted by law.
Leading Questions
- A question suggesting the answer which the person putting it wishes or expects to receive.
Legislative Assembly
- A legislative body in the States and Union Territories of India.
Legislative Council
- Legislative Council is the Upper House of the State Legislature.
Legitimacy
- The quality of being a legitimate child.
Legitimate
- Lawfully begotten.
Liable
- The state of being bound or obliged in law or justice to do, pay, or make good something; legal responsibility.
Lien
- A right to keep possession of property belonging to another person until a debt owed by that person is discharged.
Life Interest
- A term given to the interest in property that lasts for a person’s life time.
Maintenance
- Sustenance or support allowance.
Maintenance Pendente Lite
- Maintenance provided by the court during the pendency of the proceedings.
Major
- One who has attained the age of majority i.e. an age at which he becomes legally capable of conducting his own affairs.
Malicious
- Pertaining to malice (Malice - Intentional doing of a wrongful act).
Maturity
- The time when a bill of exchange or promissory note becomes due.
May Presume
- Court may either regard such fact as proved, unless and until it is disproved, or may call for proof of it.
Metropolitan Area
- According to CrPC it means a city or town whose population exceeds one million.
Minor
- A person who has not attained majority.
Misrepresentation
- A statement or conduct which conveys a false or wrong impression.
Money Bill
- Money bills are concerned with financial matters like taxation, public expenditure, etc. and is defined in Article 110 of the Indian Constitution.
Moral Turpitude
- The morally culpable quality held to be present in some criminal offences as distinguished from others.
Mortgage
- The transfer of an interest in immovable property for the purpose of securing the payment of money advanced by way of loan.
Movable Property
- Property which can be removed or displaced.
Murder
- The crime of killing a person under circumstances previously defined by statute.
Mutilate
- To render imperfect by cutting off or destroying a part.
Mutual Consent
- As agreed to by the people involved.
Narcotic Substance
- Narcotics are drugs such as opium or heroin which induce sleep and stops one from feeling pain. It may also symbolize illegal drug.
Navy
- Navy is a branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare.
Non Cognizable Offence
- No arrest without warrant.
Non Testamentary
- Otherwise than by a will.
Oath
- A solemn appeal usually formal calling upon God to witness to the truth of what one says or to witness that one sincerely intends to do what one says.
Obligation
- a duty to do or not to do something
Offence
- Any act or omission made punishable by any law for the time being in force.
Oral Evidence
- Evidence given orally.
Order
- An authoritative direction, mandate passed by a court or judge.
Override
- To dominate or prevail over.
Override
- To dominate or prevail over.
Overriding
- To prevail or take precedence over
Patent
- The official right to be the only person to make, use or sell a product or an invention.
Patent Defect
- A defect, or anomaly that can be found easily upon inspection.
Pauper
- A person destitute of means except as are derived from charity.
Pawnee
- Where bailment is for the purpose of payment of debt or performance of promise, bailee in that case is pawnee.
Pawnor
- Where bailment is for the purpose of payment of debt or performance of promise, bailor in that case is pawnor.
Pecuniary Jurisdiction
- A jurisdiction as limited by the value of the subject matter of the suit.
Penalty
- A punishment imposed for breach of any law, rule or contract.
Permanent Alimony
- Alimony provided by the court of law at any time when the decree is passed or thereafter.
Perpetual Injunction
- Injunction which forms part of judgement or order and is not restricted as to time.
Personation
- The act of personating someone.
Plea of Guilty
- Pleading by a person who admits that he has committed a crime.
Pledge
- The bailment of goods as security for payment of a debt or performance of a promise.
Possession
- Physical Control whether actual or in the eyes of law.
Preamble
- An introductory part of the statute, ordinance or regulation.
Precepts
- A written order or a mandate.
Prescribed
- To lay down by rules.
Preservation
- The act of keeping safe from injury, harm or destruction.
President
- The constitutional head in a Republican Government.
Presume
- To hold as proved unless otherwise shown.
Preventive Relief
- A relief intended to prevent an injury.
Prima Facie
- On the face of it.
Principal
- One who employs others to act for him subject to his general control.
Prisoner
- A person who is kept in prison.
Private Defence
- A right to protect body and property of oneself and others.
Privileged Communication
- A privileged communication is a conversation between two parties that is legally classified as a private discussion.
Probate
- The judicial procedure by which a testamentary document is established to be a valid will.
Prohibit
- To forbid by authority or command.
Promise
- a firm agreement to perform an act, refrain from acting or make a payment or delivery.
Promisee
- The person to whom the promise is made.
Promisor
- The person making the promise.
Pronote
- The legal document by which a monetary liability is created on the promisor in favour of a promisee..
Proposal
- When one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal;
Prosecution
- The party by whom criminal proceedings are instituted or conducted.
Proviso
- A clause inserted in a legal or formal document related to some condition, stipulation, exception or limitation on subject matter.
Provocation
- The action of an act or existing anger, resentment or irritation.
Psychotropic
- Relating to or denoting drugs that affect a person's mental state.
Public Interest Litigation
- Litigation undertaken to secure public interest and demonstrate the availability of justice to socially-disadvantaged parties.
Public Nuisance
- An act that is illegal because it interferes with the rights of the public generally.
Public Prosecutor
- A public officer charged with the investigation and prosecution of punishable acts on behalf of state.
Punishable
- Liable to be punished or deserving of punishment
Quasi Contract
- An obligation is imposed by law on parties because of a relationship between parties or because one of them would otherwise be unjustly enriched.
Quasi-Judicial
- Essentially judicial in character but not within the judicial power or function especially as constitutionally defined.
Quick Unborn Child
- Unborn but moving fetus.
Ransom
- The money, price or consideration paid or demanded for the release of a person or restoration of a thing.
Rash
- An act which is done without due care and attention.
Rash or negligent Act
- An act which is done without due care and attention.
Ratification
- The confirmation of a previous act done either by the party himself or by another
Ratify
- To confirm or make valid by giving consent.
Re Examination
- The examination of a witness subsequent to the cross examination by the party who called him.
Reason to Believe
- Postulates belief and the existence of reasons for that belief
Record
- An account of some fact or event preserved in writing or other permanent form.
Rectification of instrument
- Correcting the errors of the instrument.
Reference
- The action of referring.
Refugee
- Someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to a fear of being persecuted.
Relevant
- Pertinent ( connected with what is happening or being talked about ).
Relief
- Legal Redressal or remedy.
Res Judicata
- A case or suit already decided.
Restraint
- An action of restraint.
Revenue
- The annual or periodical yield of taxes, excises, customs, duties etc. that an entity collects and receives into the treasury for public use.
Review
- The process under which a court in certain circumstances can reconsider its own judgement.
Revision
- The act of examining again in order to remove any defect or grant relief against the irregular or improper exercise or non-exercise of jurisdiction by a lower court.
Revocation
- The act of revoking.
Revoke
- To call back, To rescind.
Rioting
- A violent disturbance of peace by members of unlawful assembly.
Schedule
- An appendix to an act of legislature containing a statement of detail or taking the form of detailed list of relevant matter.
Security
- Property as assurance to secure fulfilment of an obligation and forfeitable in the event of non fulfilment.
Seizure
- The action of seizing.
Set Aside
- To annul, quash.
Severable
- Capable of being separated.
Shall Presume
- Whenever it is directed by IEA that the Court shall presume a fact, it shall regard such fact as proved, unless and until it is disproved.
Solemnized
- To enter into a marriage contract with due publication
Solitary Confinement
- That imprisonment during which a convict is segregated from other convicts and kept alone.
Sound Mind
- A state of mind in which one can understand the nature of man's action and form a judgement of his own.
State List
- State list includes the important subjects on which the state government can pass the law.
Sub Judice
- In course of trial.
Subordinate Court
- The state judiciary consists of a High Court and a hierarchy of subordinate courts, also known as lower courts. The subordinate courts are so-called because of their subordination to the state high court.
Subsistence Allowance
- An allowance for maintenance granted under special circumstances.
Succession
- The process by which one person succeeds another in the occupation or possession of any estate or the like.
Supreme Court
- The Highest Court of Justice in India.
Surety
- A person who finds himself for the payment of sum of money or for the performance of something else for another who is already bound for the same.
Temporary Injunction
- An injunction passed on temporary basis.
Tenant
- One who holds land, house etc. by lease.
Termination
- To put an end to something.
Territorial Jurisdiction
- Jurisdiction over cases arising in or involving persons/property within a defined territory.
Testamentary
- Relating to will.
Testator
- One who makes the will.
Testimony
- The statement made by a witness under oath.
Toxic
- Poisonous
Trade Mark
- A mark used by a manufacturer or trader to distinguish his goods from the goods of another.
Trafficking of person
- Human Trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of people through force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them for profit.
Transaction
- A transaction is a group of facts, connected together to be referred to by a single legal name, a crime, contract, wrong or any other subject of enquiry which may be in issue.
Tribunal
- Tribunals are judicial or quasi-judicial institutions established by law.
Tribunal
- Judicial or quasi-judicial institutions established by law..
Trustee
- A person who has property or rights which he holds or is bound to exercise for or on behalf of another or for accomplishment of some specific purpose.
Under Value
- Valuation below the real worth.
Union List
- Union List in seventh schedule of Constitution includes subjects of national importances.
Unlawful
- That which is contrary to law or not authorized by law.
Unlawful Assembly
- An assembly of 5 or more persons constituted to do an act prohibited by law.
Uterine Blood
- When two persons are descended from a common ancestress but by different husbands
Vacate
- To make void, To make of no authority or validity.
Valuable
- Of worth or value.
Valuable Security
- It denotes a document which is, or purports to be, a document whereby any legal right is created, extended, transferred, restricted, extinguished or released, or whereby any person acknowledges that he lies under legal liability, or has not a certain legal right.
Vernacular
- Language spoken by the people of a country or any part thereof.
Village Panchayat
- An element of Panchayati Raj that functions at the village level for the welfare and development of the village.
Void
- Having no legal force or binding effect.
Voluntarily
- With one's own will.
Wager
- Something (especially a sum of money) laid down on issue of an uncertain event .
Wrongful
- Unjust
Wrongful Gain
- A gain by unlawful means of property to which the person gaining is not legally entitled.
Wrongful Loss
- A loss by unlawful means of property to which the person losing it is legally entitled.
Wrongful Possession
- Possession by a person not entitled to the property or obtains possession through wrongful means.
Your Honour
- A proper way to address a judge in court.